---

Contents
Units and Conversion Tables
1 Perspective
1.1 Current penetration of renewable energy technologies in the marketplace
1.2 The energy scene – its history and present state Man’s energy history
1.3 The energy future and the role of renewable energy
1.4 Suggested topics for discussion
2 The Origin of Renewable Energy Flows
2.1 Solar radiation
2.1.1 Energy production in the interior of stars like the Sun
2.1.2 Spectral composition of solar radiation The structure of the solar surface; Radiation received at the Earth
2.2 Net radiation flux at the earth
2.2.1 Radiation at the top of the atmosphere The disposition of incoming radiation
2.2.2 Radiation at the Earth’s surface Direct and scattered radiation; Disposition of the radiation at the Earth’s surface; Disposition of radiation in the atmosphere; Annual, seasonal and diurnal variations in the radiation fluxes at the Earth’s surface; Penetration of solar radiation
2.3 Physical and chemical processes near the Earth’s surface
2.3.1 The atmosphere Particles in the atmosphere; Absorption and scattering in the atmosphere; Absorption processes in different frequency regions; Models for the description of scattered radiation; The types of stored energy; Total energy fluxes; Energy transfer processes; Vertical transport in the Earth–atmosphere boundary layer; The description of atmospheric motion; Time averaging; Features of the observed atmospheric circulation; Energy conversion processes and the separation of scales of motion; Creation and destruction of kinetic energy; Models of general atmospheric circulation
2.3.2 The oceans and continents The water cycle; Evaporation processes; The state variables of the oceans; Scales of oceanic motion; Joint models of general circulation in oceans and atmosphere
2.3.3 The climate Climate variables; Stability of climate; The ergodic hypothesis
2.4 The energy cycle of the Earth
2.4.1 The flows of energy and matter The undisturbed energy cycle; Man’s interference with the energy cycle; Matter cycles; The carbon cycle; The nitrogen cycle
2.4.2 Climate changes Climatic history; Causes of climatic change; The white Earth state; Man’s interference with climate; Aerosols; Carbon dioxide
2.A Origins of stellar energy The birth and main-sequence stage of a star; The red-giant and shell-burning stages; Equilibrium processes and supernovae explosions; The formation of heavy elements; Equilibrium processes in the Sun; The energy transport equations; Nuclear reactions in the Sun; A model of the solar processes; Cosmology; The “Big-Bang” model; The cosmic background radiation
2.B Vertical transport in or near the boundary layer Water transport; The disposition of water and heat in soils; Geothermal heat fluxes; Momentum exchange processes between atmosphere and oceans
2.C Modelling the atmosphere and the oceans The basic equations in terms of time-averaged variables; The atmospheric heat source function; Separation of scales of motion; Energy conversion processes in the atmosphere; Modelling the oceans; Basic equations governing the oceanic circulation
2.D Tides and waves Gravity waves in the oceans; The formation and dissipation of energy in wave motion; The energy flux associated with wave motion; Wind-driven oceanic circulation
2.5 Suggested topics for discussion
3 The Individual Energy Sources
3.1 Solar radiation
3.1.1 Direct radiation Dependence on turbidity and cloud cover
3.1.2 Scattered radiation
3.1.3 Total short-wavelength radiation Reflected radiation; Average behaviour of total shortwavelength radiation
3.1.4 Long-wavelength radiation. Empirical evidence for inclined surfaces
3.1.5 Variability of solar radiation Geographical distribution of solar power; Power duration curves
3.2 Wind
3.2.1 Wind velocities The horizontal wind profile; Wind speed data
3.2.2 Kinetic energy in the wind
3.2.3 Power in the wind
3.2.4 Variability in wind power Power duration curves
3.3 Ocean waves
3.3.1 Wave spectra
3.3.2 Power in the waves Waves in a climatic context
3.4 Water flows and tides
3.4.1 Ocean currents Variability in current power
3.4.2 River flows, hydropower and elevated water storage Geographical distribution of hydropower resources; Environmental impact
3.4.3 Tides
3.5 Heat flows and stored heat
3.5.1 Solar-derived heat sources The power in ocean thermal gradients; Temperature gradients in upper soil and air
3.5.2 Geothermal flows and stored energy Regions of particularly high heat flow; The origin of geothermal heat; Distribution of the smoothly varying part of the heat flow
3.6 Biological conversion and storage of energy
3.6.1 Photosynthesis Mechanism of green plant photosynthesis; Efficiency of conversion; Bacterial photosynthesis
3.6.2 Productivity in different environments Ecological systems; Limiting factors; Productivity data
3.7 Other energy sources.
3.7.1 Atmospheric electricity
3.7.2 Salinity differences
3.7.3 Nuclear energy
3.8 Suggested topics for discussion
4 The Energy Conversion Processes
4.1 Principles of energy conversion
4.1.1 Conversion between energy forms Irreversible thermodynamics; Efficiency of an energy conversion device
4.1.2 Thermodynamic engine cycles
4.1.3 Thermoelectric and thermionic conversion Thermoelectric generators; Thermionic generators
4.1.4 Turbines and other flow-driven converters Free stream flow turbines; Magnetohydrodynamic converters
4.1.5 Photovoltaic conversion The p–n junction; Solar cells
4.1.6 Electrochemical conversion Fuel cells; Other electrochemical conversion schemes
4.2 Conversion of solar radiation
4.2.1 Heat generation Flat-plate collectors; Stalled and operating collector; Heat exchange; Flat-plate collector with heat storage; Concentrating collectors and tracking systems; Energy collection from focusing systems
4.2.2 Applications for cooling, pumping, etc.
4.2.3 Electricity generation Photo-thermoelectric converters; Photovoltaic converters; Monocrystalline silicon cells; Multicrystalline cells; Amorphous cells; Other materials and other thin-film cells; Organic and other photoelectrochemical solar cells; Module construction; Optical subsystem and concentrators; Use of residual energy
4.3 Conversion of wind energy
4.3.1 Conversion of wind flow
4.3.2 Propeller-type converters Theory of non-interacting stream-tubes; Model behaviour of power output and matching to load; Non-uniform wind velocity; Restoration of wind profile in wake, and implications for turbine arrays
4.3.3 Cross-wind converters Performance of a Darrieus-type converter
4.3.4 Augmenters and other “advanced” converters Ducted rotor; Rotor with tip-vanes; Other concepts
4.3.5 Heat, electrical or mechanical power, and fuel generation
4.3.6 Commercial wind power development Off-shore foundation and transmission
4.4 Conversion of wave energy
4.4.1 Pneumatic converter
4.4.2 Oscillating vane converter
4.5 Conversion of water flows or elevated water
4.6 Conversion of heat
4.6.1 Application to heating Heat pumps
4.6.2 Conversion of heat into work or electricity Conversion of heat from solar collectors; Ericsson hot-air engine; Conversion of geothermal heat; Conversion of ocean thermal energy
4.7 Conversion of fuels
4.7.1 Fuel cell technologies
4.8 Conversion of biological material
4.8.1 Heat production from biomass Producing heat by burning; Composting; Metabolic heat
4.8.2 Fuel production from biomass: overview and generation of gaseous fuels Biogas; Thermochemical gasification of biomass
4.8.3 Fuel production from biomass: generation of liquid biofuels Direct photosynthetic production of hydrocarbons; Alcohol fermentation; Methanol from biomass
9 Other conversion processes
4.9.1 Conversion of salinity gradient resources
4.A Energy bands in semiconductors
4.10 Suggested topics for discussion
5 Energy Transmission and Storage
5.1 Energy transmission
5.1.1 Transmission of heat
District heating lines; Heat pipes
5.1.2 Transmission of electricity Normal conducting lines; Superconducting lines
5.1.3 Other types of transmission
5.2 Energy storage
5.2.1 Storage of heat Heat capacity storage; Solar ponds and aquifer storage; Latent heat storage associated with structural or phase change
5.2.2 Storage of high-quality energy forms Pumped hydro storage; Flywheels; Compressed gas storage; Hydrogen storage; Batteries; Other storage concepts
5.3 Suggested topics for discussion
6 Energy Supply Systems
6.1 Energy systems
6.2 Simulation of system performance
6.2.1 Treatment of the time variable
6.2.2 Load structure Biologically acceptable surroundings; Food and water; Security; Health; Relations; Activities; Summary of enduse energy requirements
6.2.3 Source data
6.2.4 Photovoltaic power production
6.2.5 Wind power production
6.2.6 Food production
6.2.7 Biofuel production
6.2.8 System choice
6.3 Examples of local system simulations
6.3.1 Solar heat or heat-and-electricity producing systems Model description; Solar radiation data; Heat load of an individual house; Heat pump systems; Software validation and results of simulation
6.3.2 Wind electricity systems System without energy storage; Regulation of a fuel-based back-up system; Systems with short-term storage; Systems with long-term storage
6.4 A global energy scenario
6.4.1 Decentralised renewable energy 2050 scenario
6.4.2 Centralised renewable energy 2050 scenario
6.4.3 Implementation and resilience of scenario
6.5 Suggested topics for discussion
7 Socio-economic Assessment of Energy Supply Systems
7.1 Framework of socio-economic analysis
7.1.1 Social values and the introduction of monetary economies
7.1.2 Economic theory Production planning; Distribution problems; Actual pricing policies
7.2 Direct cost evaluation
7.2.1 Treatment of inflation
7.2.2 Present value calculations
7.2.3 Cost profiles and break-even prices
7.3 Indirect economics
7.3.1 Resource and environmental management Energy analysis; Social interest rate
7.3.2 Regional economy
7.3.3 National economy Employment; Use of subsidies for introducing “appropriate technology”
7.3.4 World economy
7.3.5 Privatisation of the energy industry and related problems
7.4 Life-cycle analysis
7.4.1 Defining purpose and scope of LCA
7.4.2 Treatment of import and export
7.4.3 What to include in an LCA? Qualitative or quantitative estimates of impacts; Treatment of risk-related impacts and accidents in LCA
7.4.4 Choosing the context
7.4.5 Aggregation issues Social context
7.4.6 Monetising issues Statistical value of life; Depreciation
7.4.7 Chain calculations
7.4.8 Matrix calculations Marginal versus systemic change
7.4.9 Communicating with decision-makers
7.4.10 Application of life-cycle analysis
7.4.11 LCA of greenhouse gas emissions Greenhouse warming impacts; Estimating greenhouse warming externalities for fuel combustion
7.4.12 LCA of power production chains Fossil fuel chains; Nuclear fuel chain; Renewable energy chains; LCA of road traffic
7.4.13 LCA of energy systems Environmentally sustainable scenario; Fair market scenario; Comparison of scenario impacts
7.5 Examples of break-even price estimations
7.5.1 Wind power system without energy storage Additional costs of regulation
7.5.2 Energy systems with storage
7.6 Suggested topics for discussion

http://wihlma.blu.livefilestore.com/y1p...p?download

Zip şifresi : ErAy

---

Başa dön