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içindekiler
1-network nedir?___________________________________ 7
1.1.1-neden network’e gereksinim duyulur?....................................................... 7
1.1.2-network nasıl çalışır?................................................................................. 7
1.2-network topolojileri........................................................................................ 7
1.2.1-star yapı...................................................................................................... 7
1.2.2-star networkün avantajlar.......................................................................... 7
1.2.3-star networkün dezavantajlar..................................................................... 8
1.2.4-bus yapı....................................................................................................... 8
1.2.5-bus yapının avantajları.................................................................. ............ 8
1.2.6-bus yapının dezavantajları......................................................................... 8
1.3-kablolama........................................................................................................ 8
1.3.1-dolanım çift tel.......................................................................................... 9
1.3.2-10base-t kablo:....................................................................................... 9
1.3.3-thin ethernet koaksiyel.............................................................................. 9
1.3.4-thick (kalın) ethernet:................................................................................ 9
1.3.5-fast ethernet................................................................................................ 9
1.3.6-korumasız sarılmış çift tel (utp)................................................................ 9
1.3.7-kablo kalite standartlar............................................................................... 9
1.3.8-kategori 3 utp............................................................................................ 9
1.3.9-kategori 5 utp............................................................................................ 9
1.4-koaksiyel kablolama....................................................................................... 9
1.5-kablo seçimi...................................................................................................... 10
1.6-konnektör ve portlar....................................................................................... 10
1.6.1-rj-45 konnektörler...................................................................................... 10
1.6.2-bnc koaksiyel konnektörler...................................................................... 10
1.6.3-rj-45 düz portlar......................................................................................... 10
1.6.4-rj-45 crossover portlar............................................................................... 11
1.6.5-bnc portlar:................................................................................................ 11
1.7-ıeee 802 standartları...................................................................................... 11
1.7.1-ıeee 802.1:.................................................................................................. 11
1.7.2-ıeee 802.2 :................................................................................................. 11
1.7.3-ıeee 802.3 :................................................................................................. 11
1.7.4-ıeee 802.4:.................................................................................................. 11
1.7.5-ıeee 802.5:.................................................................................................. 11
1.7.6-ıeee 802.6 :................................................................................................. 11
1.8-network ekipmanlar....................................................................................... 11
1.8.1-network adaptör kartlar:............................................................................ 11
1.8.2-hub:.............................................................................................................. 11
1.8.3-bridge:.......................................................................................................... 12
1.8.4-switch:......................................................................................................... 12
1.8.5-repeater:...................................................................................................... 12
1.8.6-router:.......................................................................................................... 13
1.9-büyüklüklerine göre ağlar............................................................................. 13
1.9.1-lan(local area network) yerel alan ağı................................................ 13
1.9.2-wan(wide area network) geniş alan ağı............................................... 13
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1.9.3-man(metropolitan area network) metropol alan ağı............................. 13
2-osı referans modeli______________________________ 14
2.1-application………………………………………………………………….. 15
2.2-presentation…………………………………………………………………. 15
2.3-session……………………………………………………………………… 15
2.4-transport………………………………………………………………….… 15
2.5-network……………………………………………………………………... 16
2.6-datalink.......................................................................................................... 16
2.7-physical …………………………………………………………………….. 16
3-ınternet adresleri_______________________________ 16
3.1-subnettıng ( subnet nerdir ?)…............................................................. 18
3.1.1-subnet ın faydaları......................................................................... 18
3.1.2-subnetlemenın uygulanması .................................................... 18
3.1.3-subnet mask bıt nedır ?.................................................................. 18
3.1.4-bır subnet maskı tanımlama....................................................... 19
3.1.5-bırden fazla octet kullanarak subnetleme................... 19
3.1.6-subnet ıd yı tanımlama :................................................................ 20
3.2-subnet adresleri için özel durumlar.................................... 20
3.2.1-pıng :.......................................................................................................... 20
3.2.2-tracert................................................................................................... 20
3.2.3-nbtstat :................................................................................................. 20
3.2.4-netstat................................................................................................... 20
3.3-ıp adreslerinde subnetting............................................................................ 20
3.3.1-a sınıfı ıp adreslerinde subnetting............................................................ 20
3.3.2-b sınıfı ıp adreslerde subnetting............................................................... 21
3.3.3-c sınıfı ıp adreslerinde subnetting............................................................. 21
3.4-data encapsulation.......................................................................................... 21
3.5-ethernet ağları................................................................................................. 22
3.5.1- ethernet_ıı ................................................................................................ 23
3.5.2- ethernet_802.3 (novell uyumlu) ……………………………………….. 23
3.5.3-ıeee 802.3 ……………………………………………………………….. 24
3.5.4-ıeee 802.3 snap (subnetwork access protocol)………………………. 24
3.6-ıeee data link altkatmanları...................................................................... 24
3.6.1-llc (logical link control) katmanı.......................................................... 24
3.6.2-mac (media access control) katmanı...................................................... 24
3.7-half-duplex ve full-duplex haberleşme....................................................... 24
3.8-üç katmanlı hiyerarşi..................................................................................... 25
3.8.1-core layer ................................................................................................... 25
3.8.2-distribution layer........................................................................................ 25
3.8.3-access layer……………………………………………………………… 25
3.9-layer –2 switching .......................................................................................... 25
3.9.1-adres öğrenme............................................................................................ 25
3.9.2-iletme/filtreleme kararı............................................................................... 25
3.9.3-döngüden kaçınma...................................................................................... 26
3.10-stp (spanning tree protocol)...................................................................... 26
3.11-lan switch tipleri...................................................................................... 26
4-tcp/ıp nedir ?_______________________________________ 26
4.1.1-mıcrosoft tcp/ıp.................................................................................. 26
4.1.2-tcp/ıp yardımcı aracları :............................................................. 27
4.1.3-data transfer araçları fonksiyonları......................................................... 27
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4.1.4-uzaktan çalıştırma araçları fonksiyonları................................................ 27
4.1.5-printing utility : fonksiyonları ................................................................... 28
4.1-tcp/ıp ve dod modeli.................................................................................... 28
4.2-process/application katmanı ……………………………………………… 29
4.2.1-telnet :…………………………………………………………………… 29
4.2.2-ftp (file transfer protocol)........................................................................ 29
4.2.3-tftp (trivial file transfer protocol........................................................... 29
4.2.4-nfs (network file system.......................................................................... 29
4.2.5-smtp (simple mail transfer protocol........................................................ 29
4.2.6-lpd (line printer deamon.......................................................................... 29
4.2.7-x window ................................................................................................... 29
4.2.8-snmp (simple network management protocol.......................................... 29
4.2.90-dns (domain name service..................................................................... 29
4.2.10-bootp (bootstrap protocol......................................................................... 29
4.2.11-dhcp (dynamic host configuration protocol)........................................ 30
4.3-host-to-host katmanı……………………………………………………….. 30
4.3.1-tcp (transmission control protocol)……………………………………. 30
4.3.2-udp (user datagram protocol)................................................................... 30
4.4-ınternet katmanı ……………………………………………………………. 31
4.4.1- ıp (ınternet protocol)…………………………………………………….. 31
4.4.2- ıcmp (ınternet control message protocol)……………………………… 31
4.4.3- arp (address resolution protocol)……………………………………... 31
4.4.4-rarp (reverse address resolution protocol)…………………………… 31
4.5-network access katmanı................................................................................. 31
4.6-ıp adresleri ...................................................................................................... 31
4.6.1-a sınıfı adresler.......................................................................................... 31
4.6.2-b sınıfı adresler.......................................................................................... 32
4.6.3-c sınıfı adresler.......................................................................................... 32
4.7-host name nedir ?.................................................................................. 32
5-ıp yonlendırırlmesının uygulanması __________ 32
5.1.1-ıp routing nedir ? (what is ıp routing ?)...................................................... 32
5.1.2-statik ve dinamik ıp yönlendirme (static vs. dynamic ıp routing......... 33
5.1.3-statik ıp yönlendirmesi (statik ıp routing )............................................... 33
5.1.4-statik ıp router’ların yapılandırılması (configuring static ıp routers).... 33
5.1.5-dinamik ıp yönlendirme (dinamic ıp routing).......................................... 33
5.2-routing internet protokolü (routing ınternet protokol)............................ 34
5.2.1-riple ilgili problemler (problems with rip ).............................................. 34
5.3-temel altyapısal kararlar.......................................................... 34
5.4-router (yönlendirici) temelleri..................................................................... 36
5.5-router bileşenleri ve görevleri...................................................................... 36
5.5.1-rom (read only memory)......................................................................... 37
5.5.2-flash............................................................................................................. 37
5.5.3-nvram (non volatile ram).................................................................... 37
5.5.4-ram............................................................................................................. 37
5.6-router’ın çalışması......................................................................................... 37
5.7-konfigürasyon register................................................................................... 38
5.8-router arayüzleri (ınterface)......................................................................... 38
5.8.1-auı (attachment unit ınterface)................................................................. 38
5.8.2-seri arayüzleri............................................................................................. 38
5.8.3-brı portları.................................................................................................. 38
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5.8.4-konsol portu................................................................................................ 39
5.8.5-aux portu................................................................................................... 39
5.9- data terminating equipmnet ve data communications equipment....... 39
5.10-hyperterminal ............................................................................................... 39
6-router_____________________________________________ 40
6.1-router’ın kurulması........................................................................................ 40
6.2-router komut satırı işlemleri........................................................................ 40
6.3-router konfigürasyon komutları.................................................................. 41
6.4-ıos’un yedeklenmesi ve geri yüklenmesi................................................... 42
6.5-router konfigürasyonu................................................................................... 42
6.6-arayüz kuruluşu.............................................................................................. 44
6.7-arayüzler ve netstat komutu........................................................................... 45
6.8-arayuzun ifconfig komutu ile kontrolu......................................................... 46
6.9-seri hatlar üzerinde tcp/ıp konfigürasyonu............................................... 48
6.9.1-slıp kuruluşu.............................................................................................. 48
6.9.2-ppp kuruluşu................................................................................................ 49
6.10-router arayüzlerinin konfigürasyonu........................................................ 50
6.11-cdp (cisco discovery protocol)................................................................... 51
6.12-telnet kullanarak router’ı yönetmek........................................................ 51
7-yönlendirme temelleri__________________________ 52
7.1.1split horizon................................................................................................. 53
7.1.2-maximum hop count.................................................................................. 53
7.1.3-poison reverse:............................................................................................ 53
7.1.4-hold-down timer........................................................................................ 53
7.2-administrative distance.................................................................................. 53
7.3-rıp (routing ınformation protocol).............................................................. 54
7.3.1-route update timer...................................................................................... 54
7.3.2-route invalid timer:..................................................................................... 54
7.3.3-route flush timer:......................................................................................... 54
7.4-ıgrp (ınterior gateway routing protocol)……………………………….. 55
7.4.1-update timer………………………………………………………………. 55
7.4.2-ınvalid timer:................................................................................................ 55
7.4.3-holddown timer........................................................................................... 55
7.4.4-flush timer................................................................................................... 55
7.5-konfigürasyonların doğrulanması................................................................. 55
8-ıpx/spx protokol ailesi___________________________ 56
8.1-ıpx adresleri.................................................................................................... 57
8.2-router’da ıpx konfigürasyonları.................................................................. 57
8.3-erişim listeleri (access list).......................................................................... 59
8.3.1-standart ıp access list................................................................................. 60
8.3.2-extended ıp access list.............................................................................. 61
8.4-access list kullanarak telnet bağlantılarını kontrol etmek ................... 61
9- protokoller______________________________________ 62
9.1-wan (wide area network) protokolleri...................................................... 62
9.1.1-dedicated (leased line).............................................................................. 62
9.1.2- circuit switching (devre anahtarlama)..................................................... 62
9.1.3- packet-switching (paket anahtarlama)....................................................... 62
9.2-hdlc (high-level data-link control)…………………………………… 62
9.3-ppp (point-to-point protocol)………………………………………………. 63
9.4-link control protokolünün konfigürasyon seçenekleri............................. 63
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9.5-frame relay...................................................................................................... 64
9.6-ısdn (ıntegrated services digital network)………………………………. 65
9.7-brı (basic rate ınterface)………………………………………………….. 66
9.8-dial-on-demand routing(ddr)..................................................................... 67
10-örnek router konfigürasyonu________________ 69
kaynaklar__________________________________________ 74

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