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contents
preface to the second edition xv
preface to the first edition xvii
symbols and abbreviations xix
1 ıntroduction 1
1.1 deterministic data and random data.........................................................1
1.2 population, sample and statistics ...............................................................5
1.3 random variables.......................................................................................8
1.4 probabilities and distributions..................................................................10
1.4.1 discrete variables .......................................................................10
1.4.2 continuous variables ..................................................................12
1.5 beyond a reasonable doubt... ..................................................................13
1.6 statistical significance and other significances.......................................17
1.7 datasets .....................................................................................................19
1.8 software tools ..........................................................................................19
1.8.1 spss and statıstıca..............................................................20
1.8.2 matlab and r..........................................................................22
2 presenting and summarising the data 29
2.1 preliminaries .............................................................................................29
2.1.1 reading in the data .....................................................................29
2.1.2 operating with the data...............................................................34
2.2 presenting the data ...................................................................................39
2.2.1 counts and bar graphs................................................................40
2.2.2 frequencies and histograms........................................................47
2.2.3 multivariate tables, scatter plots and 3d plots ..........................52
2.2.4 categorised plots .........................................................................56
2.3 summarising the data...............................................................................58
2.3.1 measures of location ..................................................................58
2.3.2 measures of spread .....................................................................62
2.3.3 measures of shape.......................................................................64






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